International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability

Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis Among Residents Within Dallaje Reservoir, Bindawa Local Government, Katsina State, Nigeria

Ahmed Ibrahim Suleiman — 2025-10-25

Schistosomiasis remains a major neglected tropical disease and a leading cause of morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Schistosoma haematobium, transmitted via freshwater snails, is responsible for urinary schistosomiasis, with school-aged children being the most vulnerable. This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of urinary schistosomiasis among residents near the Dallaje Reservoir, Katsina State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 392 schoolchildren aged 7–15 years. Socio-demographic data were collected using pre-tested questionnaires. Urine samples were examined for S. haematobium eggs by sedimentation, and statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 28.6%. Infection was detected exclusively in males (46.7%), while no cases were recorded among females (0%), reflecting significant gender disparity (p < 0.0001). Age-specific prevalence was highest among children aged 13–15 years (37.6%). Children of working-class parents were significantly more affected (p < 0.0001), likely due to reduced supervision. No association was found between parental education and infection (p = 0.5867). Engagement in water-related activities such as swimming, fishing, and irrigation was strongly linked with infection risk (p < 0.0001). Urinary schistosomiasis remains highly prevalent around the Dallaje Reservoir, with transmission strongly influenced by gender, age, parental occupation, and water-contact behaviors. The absence of infection in females highlights cultural practices that limit exposure. Control strategies should prioritize gender-sensitive interventions, improved water and sanitation access, and targeted health education for at-risk populations.Schistosoma haematobium

Application of Two-Stage Stochastic Programming for Multi-Product Inventory Optimization in a Nigerian Pharmaceutical Firm

Afolabi Oludele Raphael — 2025-10-25

Inventory management remains a key challenge in pharmaceutical supply chains, especially in emerging markets like Nigeria. Unpredictable demand, poor infrastructure, and limited budgets often cause stock imbalances. Traditional inventory models work well in stable environments but struggle to manage demand and lead time uncertainties. This study uses a two-stage stochastic programming model to improve multi-product inventory management for Miracle Kudura Pharmacy, a Nigerian retail and wholesale distributor. Based on 37 months of sales, holding, and ordering cost data for over 100 products, the model incorporates uncertainty through probability distributions grounded in real figures. In the first stage, it sets preliminary order quantities without knowing actual demand. In the second, it updates these quantities as actual demand becomes clear. The initial stage reduced inventory costs to ₦1,224,000, demonstrating cost-effective efficiency. The second stage, however, reported a total cost of ₦1,435,000, showing a trade-off between cost savings and flexibility. Sensitivity analysis revealed that demand for products such as Clarten and Postinor varied widely, while items like Tribotan were more stable. These findings highlight the importance of stochastic models in managing costs, service levels, and risks which are crucial factors in pharmaceuticals where shortages impact public health. Overall, the study highlights how stochastic optimization offers practical, adaptable solutions for managing pharmaceutical inventory in resource-constrained environments.

Flood Risk Mapping in the River-Rima Basin, Kebbi State, Nigeria: A Geographic Information System-Based Approach

M. Aliyu — 2025-10-25

Floods are a growing menace to human life, as well as to infrastructure and agricultural yields in emerging river floodplain regions. The River Rima floodplain is well known in Birnin Kebbi for its agricultural production, especially rice production, which is essential to local livelihood and food security. This study employs an integrated GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach to evaluate flood risk zones within the River Rima basin, Nigeria. Six geomorphological and hydrological factors (elevation, slope, drainage density, rainfall, soil type, and land use) were weighted through pairwise comparisons to generate hazard and vulnerability indices. The Flood Hazard Index was accomplished. Settlement distribution was taken as a susceptibility criterion to create the Flood Vulnerability Index. By linking these maps with indices, a flood risk map was generated, which shows that the study area is divided into high (25.29%), moderate (29.64%), and low (45.07%) flood risk classes, indicating that more than half of the floodplain is at risk of floods. The research identifies six main flood hazard predictors: elevation (38.1%), drainage density (19.6%), slope (17.8%), mean annual rainfall (12.2%), soil type (6.4%), and land use (6.0%). This means that elevation and drainage density, which are geomorphological factors, play a major role in causing floods in the area. Urban expansion poses a great threat to settlements like Ambursa, Birnin Kebbi, and Dagere, whereas settlements like Makerah, Anguwar Kayi, and Maurida are located in the floodplain and are therefore very prone to the effects. Farmland and built-up land are the most at-risk elements, with 64.7% of farmland and 70.2% of built-up areas classified as highly or moderately vulnerable. Based on these findings, the study recommends incorporating land-use zoning, community-based flood preparedness, and relocating critical infrastructure. The implementation of long-term planning strategies demands both climate change projections and machine learning technologies for future flood modelling.

Enhancing Biogas Quality and Energy Content through Calcium Hydroxide Treatment: A Study on the Effectiveness of 20% Ca(OH)2 Solution in Improving Methane Content and Reducing Impurities

B. A. Umar — 2025-10-25

This study investigates the effectiveness of treating biogas with 20% calcium hydroxide solution to improve its quality and energy content. The treatment process significantly increased methane content from 64.0% to 98.1% and reduced impurities like CO₂, H₂S, CO, and water vapor. Treated biogas demonstrated a 35% faster heating time compared to raw biogas and outperformed kerosene, showcasing its potential as a more efficient and cleaner-burning fuel source. The results highlight the benefits of biogas treatment, making it a viable alternative energy source for cooking, heating, and other applications. This research contributes to the development of sustainable energy solutions, emphasizing the importance of biogas treatment for improved energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact.

Residue Theorem and Contour Integration: A Python-Based Approach to Real Integrals

Nura Buwai — 2025-10-25

Contour integration and the Residue Theorem provide powerful techniques for evaluating real integrals that are otherwise difficult to compute by elementary methods. These tools, rooted in complex analysis, have long been applied to problems in physics, engineering, and applied mathematics. This paper presents a Python-assisted approach to contour integration, blending classical analytical methods with symbolic computation and numerical verification. Specifically, we employ the SymPy library for residue evaluation and symbolic manipulation, and the mpmath library for high-precision numerical integration. Representative examples include the Lorentzian integral the Dirichlet integral , and the rational integral . In addition to reproducing these classical results, we also visualize canonical contours such as semicircular paths in the complex plane and demonstrate parameterized numerical contour integrals to illustrate the role of residues and Jordan’s lemma. Results confirm the accuracy of classical theory and highlight the value of computational tools in reducing algebraic errors, enhancing reproducibility, and providing visual intuition. This synergy between theory and computation enriches the teaching of complex analysis and opens avenues for extending contour integration methods to more advanced applications.

Dynamical Behaviour of Wall Concentration and Superhydrophobicity Effects on a Combined Reactive Flow in a Slit Microchannel

Emmanuel Omokhuale — 2025-10-25

This work shows how Arrhenius-controlled heat and mass transfer flow influenced by uniform wall concentration over a superhydrophobic microchannel is affected by mixed convection with a constant pressure gradient. While the other parallel plate has a no-slip surface (NSS), one of the plates is purposefully altered to have a superhydrophobic surface (SHS). A semi-analytical approach is used for the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. A graphic illustration of the behaviors of the main parameters governing the flow behavior in terms of mass diffusion, temperature, and velocity trends is provided. It was observed that the presence of mixed convection parameter boosts the fluid velocity. Additionally, the symmetric wall concentration effect significantly affects the development of flow reversal. Finally, these findings will find applications in manufacturing processes like hot rolling, drawing of wire, continuous casting, production of glass fiber, and fabrication of paper, cracking in petrochemical engineering, chemical synthesis, anti-wetting micro-technology, etc.

Development of K-Neareast Neighbor Based Model for Network Intrusion Detection Using Random Forest for Feature Selection

Ogah Muhammad Usman — 2025-10-25

Networked monitoring has emerged as one of the primary security technological advances, and network security challenges have gained increasing attention due to the extensive usage of the web. As a result, conventional signature-based and anomaly-centered intrusion detection systems are not effective enough. The efficacy and preciseness of network security measures are significantly impacted by the beginning information source's substantial dimension and volume of content. An inventive method for choosing the key attributes and reducing the overall length of information was the random forest-based feature selection, which simultaneously increased the Ture Positive Rate and decreased the False Positive Rate. Consequently, the classifier and selection of features both contribute significantly to improving network monitoring performance. On the simulated dataset, the suggested K-nearest neighbor and Random Forest perform admirably and successfully ensure the kNN classifier's progress. Simulations and experiments were conducted using the R programming language, and the results indicate that the model we developed reaches 99% accuracy. The experimental findings demonstrate the effectiveness

A Deep Learning Approach to Smishing Detection in Mobile Apps Using Convolutional Neural Network and Long ShortTerm Memory

Ogah Muhammad Usman — 2025-10-25

Smishing, or SMS phishing, poses a significant cybersecurity threat to smartphone users. These attacks exploit the brevity and symbolic nature of SMS messages, making detection challenging. Existing methods, such as DSmishSMS, employ traditional machine learning techniques but require further enhancement. To address this rising and concerning issue, this thesis offers a model for an improved detection. The experiment demonstrate that the developed CNN model outperformed traditional algorithms, achieving an accuracy of 98.97% which is better than the 97.93% from the benchmark paper. By integrating deep learning techniques, this contributes to safeguarding users from fraudulent smishing attack.

Assessment and Comparison of Cardiometabolic Diseases Risk Factors in Urban and Rural Communities of Kebbi State

Muhammad Jelani — 2025-10-25

Cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, are major public health problems related to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the growing burden of these diseases, there is a lack of comprehensive data on cardiometabolic risk factors in both rural and urban areas of Kebbi State. This study aims to assess and compare the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, including hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, in rural and urban communities of Kebbi State. The study is a cross-sectional study that involved field data collection from selected rural and urban communities, including the administration of structured questionnaires, clinical measurements, and biochemical testing to evaluate key cardiometabolic markers. Blood pressure was measured using a digital sphygmomanometer, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight and height measurements. Fasting blood samples were collected for the analysis of glucose levels. The study found that urban residents had a higher prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors compared to rural communities (p<0.0001). Hypertension and diabetes were found to be more prevalent in urban areas compared to rural communities (p = 0.010 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Although urban residents had higher mean weight and height, BMI did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Urban residents are more aware (68.5%) and are more likely to believe that lifestyle changes can reduce risks, suggesting the need for better health education in urban areas. There are significant urban-rural disparities in cardiometabolic health, with urban residents experiencing a higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, even though urban residents have more knowledge about these risk factors. There is a need for improved health education, especially in rural communities.

Serum Inflammatory Markers [(Interleukin (Il)-6, Il-8, And Il-10)] Relative to Group B Streptococcus Colonisation in Women At Delivery

J Muhammad — 2025-10-25

Newborns with Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections have a significant rate of morbidity and mortality. One of the main risk factors for newborn GBS illness is maternal GBS colonisation during pregnancy. Previous investigations reported that inflammatory indicators produced by immune cells as a result of bacterial infection could also aid in identifying bacterial infections, in addition to other conventional methods. Thus, the study examined the potential utility of maternal serum interleukin (IL)-6, -8, and -10 as markers for predicting GBS colonisation at birth. The study included 136 HIV negative pregnant women who were not taking any antibiotics and had no other medical conditions. At the time of delivery, venous blood and vaginal swabs were taken. Using the culture approach, GBS was isolated from swabs. If a mother's culture was positive, she was considered GBS colonised. Maternal serum was used to analyse inflammatory markers (cytokines) using the R&D pre-mixed magnetic Luminex assay. A logarithmic transformation was used to normalise the cytokine values. Forty-seven (47) of the 136 participants had GBS colonisation. The logged concentrations of IL-6 (P=0.8), IL-8 (P=0.5) or IL-10 (P=0.9) did not differ significantly upon delivery according to colonisation status. According to our findings, maternal serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 are not accurate indicators of GBS colonisation at delivery.

Strategy for Improving the Effectiveness of Appointment System in Yariman Bakura Specialist Hospital Gusau, Zamfara State

Iliyasu Liman — 2025-10-25

Appointment system is a method use for effective clinic preparation in such a way that, every patient is giving a specific date and time in order to see their attending physicians. Appointment system encounter with a number of challenges such as queuing system causing a long waiting time as an inefficiency of healthcare delivery system. The study therefore investigated the Effectiveness of Appointment System (EAS) in Yariman Bakura Specialist Hospital Gusau, Zamfara State. Survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of this study was Health Information Management Personnel. A total enumeration was use for the study. A structured and validated checklist was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at 5% level of significance. Findings showed that effectiveness of the appointment system in Yariman Bakura Specialist are rated positive, but equipment used are to be considered for future improvement of appointment system at the hospital. The study concluded that human efforts and procedural efficiencies are rated positively, but equipment use, remain significantly weak and negative. The study recommends that, there is need for management and government to provide the hospital with adequate materials use for effective appointment system.

Investigation on the Consequences of Missing Case Folder in General Hospital Gusau, Zamfara State

Iliyasu Liman — 2025-10-25

Missing case folders refers to as a loss, misplacement, or unavailability of physical or digital files containing patient medical information which consist of patients’ medical history, clinical investigation and final diagnosis for continuity of patient care. Missing patient case folder resulted to improper patient management, therefore patient case folder is the case indicator measuring the level of service provided to the patient. Survey research design was used for this study. The target population of this study was Health Information Managers. The instrument for data collection in this study area is check list tool. The result shows that Human Factor scale returned the highest reliability value among the individual determinants, with a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.81, denoting excellent internal consistency. The items within this section skill level, staff commitment, patient-staff relationships, and service delivery are closely related, indicating that respondents' perceptions of human contributions to the problem are measured consistently and reliably. The Natural Disaster Factors scale had a slightly lower reliability coefficient of 0.69, which is still within the acceptable range. This set of items assessed backup systems, space, shelves, and security measures in the context of natural events, and although less consistent than other determinants, it remains statistically acceptable for inclusion in the analysis. In conclusion missing patient case folder reduce healthcare quality and safety to the patient. Work experience plays a critical role in shaping staff awareness and concern regarding operational inefficiencies and infrastructural gaps that may lead to missing patient case folders. The study recommends that, there is need for management, government to providing necessary training to enhance service delivery mechanisms of Health Information Management Personnel. Good filling method should be provided to minimise missing patient case folders. Filling space should be provided to enhance the services.

Phytochemical, Antibacterial and Characterization of 9-methoxy-12-phenyl-dodec-10-enoic acid-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-ylester Isolated from Acacia macrostachya leaves

Garba Umar — 2025-10-25

Acacia macrostachya is plant usually a tree belong to family Mimosaceae (Fabaceae), it is popularly known as “Gardaye” in Hausa Language (Sokoto). A. macrostachya is one of such useful plants in African traditional medicine. It is used to treat numerous diseases such as malaria with convulsion, diarrhea, inflammatory diseases, snake bite, anti-diabetic, and cancer among others. The aim of this research is conduct phytochemical screening; antibacterial studies of Acacia macrostachya leaves and characterizes the isolated compound from A macrostachya leaves. The plant were collected from “Lungu” bush in Shagari local government area 12°38′N 5°0′E and authenticated at herbarium Department of Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacy Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria with Voucher number PCG/UDUS/Faba/0016. One kilogram of the powdered plant materials was methanol which gave the extract yields of 131.72g (13.17%). The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, carbohydrate and phenolics. Antibacterial effects on the extracts at various concentration (200 mg/cm³, 100 mg/cm³, 50 mg/cm³ and 25 mg/cm³, against S. Typhi, S. dysenterae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa were studied. The extract was then subjected to column chromatography which leads to the isolation of compound UGP₂. The isolated compound was characterized using FTIR, and Nmr. The study showed that A. macrostachya leaves have medicinal potential which could help in the treatment of bacterial infections that affect human and animal respectively.

Comparative Antimicrobial Evaluation of Acacia macrostachya Fractions against Selected Pathogens

Hadiza Adamu Kwazo — 2025-10-25

The rising resistance of microorganisms to current antibiotics has intensified the need for new antimicrobial agents, predominantly from natural sources. Acacia macrostachya, a medicinal plant widely used in African traditional medicine, has been used to treat various ailments such as diarrhea, malaria with convulsions, snake bites, dysentery, inflammatory conditions, stomach cramps, uterine fibroids, and parasitic infections. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Acacia macrostachya fractions against selected pathogens with the objective of identifying the most potent fraction and validating the plant's traditional use. The N-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts from the leaves of Acacia macrostachya were subjected to antimicrobial screening against Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Trichophyton rubrum using agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods. Susceptibility test results showed that most fractions demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity, except for the N-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions at the lowest concentration (25 mg/mL) against Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the ethyl acetate and methanol fractions ranged from 11–20 mg/mL and 17–27 mg/mL, respectively, against bacterial pathogens, and from 6–19 mg/mL against fungal pathogens. The Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC) of the N-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions was found to be 0.2 mg/mL, and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that the methanol fraction possessed the most significant antimicrobial activity among the fractions tested against the pathogens.

Evaluation Of Pesticides Practices and In Silico Toxicity Profilling Of Pesticides Used In Tsafe Zamfara State, Nigeria

Idris Sherifat Banke — 2025-10-25

some of the major difficulties such as time and cost in evaluating pesticides through traditional techniques (in vitro and In vivo). This study aims to identify the type of pesticides being used and to access attitudes towards pesticide use and safe handling and analyze using computational methods the toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties of commonly used pesticides in Tsafe. Data was gathered through interview of 206 respondents. Chemical library of chemicals from Tsafe was created and then screened using for ADMET, drug likeness and toxicity prediction was done using insilico methods (SwissADME). Using PyRx and PyMol, molecular docking was performed on the predicted target proteins acetylcholinesterase and MAP kinase for two of the pesticides in Tsafe. The results indicated that the pesticides used in Tsafe were chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, dichlorvos, paraquat, and glyphosate. According to the prediction analysis's results, all selected pesticides exhibited good human intestinal absorption. Dichlorvos and paraquat were able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and all of the pesticides were found to be highly toxic. The docking studies indicate that chlorpyrifos has a lower binding energy to acetylcholinesterase compared to donepezil, a strong cholinesterase inhibitor drug. Cypermethrin exhibits a higher binding energy for MAP kinase compared to methotrexate, a well-established anticancer agent. Six highly toxic pesticides were identified, with some capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Docking analysis showed strong protein interactions, indicating potential health risks.

Two–State Stochastic Model with Application to the Nigeria’s Labour Market

Lubem Matthew Kwaghkor — 2025-10-25

This research seeks to address the critical issue of unemployment in Nigeria by developing a two-state stochastic model to analyse transitions between employment and unemployment states in the labour market. Traditional models, such as ARIMA, rely heavily on historical data and are limited to short-term predictions. To overcome these limitations, a Modified Exponential Distribution (MED) is introduced in this work that can model long-term transition probabilities, contrasting it with the conventional exponential distribution (ED). The model is applied to Nigeria's labour market, segmented into public and private sectors, with the private sector further divided into formal and informal sectors. Key findings reveal that the MED is more suitable for long-term analysis, showing gradual transitions, while the ED predicts rapid changes, ideal for short-term forecasts. Regional analysis highlights disparities across Nigeria's geopolitical zones, with the South-East and South-South exhibiting the highest unemployment and employment probabilities, indicating dynamic but unstable labour markets. The private sector dominates employment absorption, offering an 82% probability by year 10, compared to 18% in the public sector. Similarly, the informal sector provides immediate employment but plateaus early, while the formal sector shows steady growth, suggesting long-term stability. The study underscores the need for targeted policies to address regional imbalances and promote formal sector growth. It recommends prioritizing private sector opportunities for job seekers while advocating for structural reforms to enhance formal employment. By providing a robust framework for long-term labour market analysis, this research contributes to informed policy-making and economic planning in Nigeria.

The Impact of ICT in Youth Economic Empowerment and Job Creation in Zamfara West Senatorial District, Zamfara State, Nigeria

Nura Abubakar Anka — 2025-10-25

This study examines the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on youth economic empowerment and job creation in Zamfara West Senatorial District, Zamfara State, Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design. Data were collected through closed ended questionnaire instrument and administered to 540 youths across the six local government areas in the senatorial district which 497 questionnaires were returned correctly. Simple random sampling technique was used. Descriptive statistical illustrators such as: tabulations, frequency distribution and percentage were used for statistical analysis. Findings from demographic analysis revealed that 83.7% of respondents were male, while 16.3% were female. Most respondents (42.05%) were aged 18-24 years, with 53.92% having primary or secondary education. Employment status indicated that 43.66% were entrepreneurs, 35.21% employed and 21.13% students. ICT knowledge levels showed that 43.86% had average knowledge, 36.02% fair knowledge, 15.89% perfect knowledge and only 4.23% had no knowledge of ICT. Perceptions on ICT's contribution to youth empowerment indicated overwhelming agreement, with 68.61% strongly agreeing that ICT provides business opportunities and 64.59% agreeing that it enhances creativity and knowledge. Job creation opportunities included mobile phone sales (71.43%), repairs (72.03%), graphic design and internet services (62.78%) and application development (33.6% strongly agree; 62.78% agree). Challenges included lack of electricity (56.94%), poor internet connectivity (26.56%) and lack of funding (6.44%). The study concludes that ICT significantly contributes to economic empowerment and job creation but requires interventions such as improved power supply, training and affordable ICT tools to maximize its benefits.

Study of Phytochemicals and FTIR Spectra of Fractions from Datura Metel Linn (Non-Sedative Analgesic Plant)

Musa Runde — 2025-10-25

This study investigated Datura metel Linn. to identify phytochemicals with non-sedative analgesic potential, offering an alternative to conventional sedative drugs. Bioactive compounds were isolated from leaves via sequential solvent extraction (acetone, chloroform, water) and fractionated by column chromatography, yielding primary (GH1-GH7) and secondary fractions. Phytochemical screening confirmed alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed diverse functional groups. Early fractions (e.g., GH1F1, GH2F2) showed signatures of aromatic carboxylic acids, with patterns consistent with para-substituted benzoic acid derivatives like 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), indicated by carbonyl stretches (1708-1735 cm⁻¹) and aromatic vibrations. Some fractions indicated inorganic ions. Later fractions (GH3F3-GH7F2B) exhibited classical plant extract profiles with broad O-H stretches (phenols, carbohydrates), aliphatic C-H stretches (lipids), ester carbonyl bands (1727-1731 cm⁻¹), and aromatic C=C bends (1515-1567 cm⁻¹), confirming a rich mixture of flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The successful fractionation isolated a wide spectrum of phytochemicals. The dominance of functional groups linked to phenolic acids and flavonoids, known for anti-inflammatory and non-sedative analgesic activities, underscores the plant's therapeutic potential. The phytochemical profile of Datura metel L. reveals bioactive compounds supporting its traditional use. The collective anti-inflammatory action of flavonoids, tannins, and saponins suggests a viable basis for non-sedative analgesia. Identifying these distinct chemical signatures provides a foundation for future research, recommending advanced structural elucidation via NMR and mass spectrometry, followed by biosimulation and biological assays to validate pharmacological activity.

Heat And Mass Transfer Analysis on Magnetohydrodynamics (Mhd) Unsteady Free Convection Flow in the Presence Of Viscous Dissipation in A Vertical Channel

Abdullahi Sammani — 2025-10-25

This study investigates the effectiveness of treating biogas with 20% calcium hydroxide solution to improve its

This research numerically investigated the impact of heat and mass transfer analysis in an unsteady free convection flow with viscous dissipation in a vertical channel affected by constant suction/injection factors. The nonlinear partial differential equation regulating flow formation is solved with the implicit finite difference method. Several physical parameters were studied, including skin friction, Nusselt number, thermal Grashof number, solutal Grashof number, magnetic field, and porous parameters, which lead to an increase in fluid velocity. However, in the case of viscous dissipation, the parameter increases the fluid velocity as it increases, and also significantly improves the energy of the temperature profile with its increase. In all the conditions described, thermal management may be accomplished by understanding the influence of each flow parameter and adjusting it accordingly.

Suction/Injection Effect on Exponential Heat Generating Fluid Via a Slit Microchannel

Abubakar Muhammad Tsafe — 2025-10-25

In this article, the impacts of magnetic fields and fluid motion with exponential heat generation inside a slit porous microchannel affected by suction/injection impact are investigated analytically. We analyzed the natural convective flow of an incompressible fluid over a parallel plate microchannel exposed to a perpendicular magnetic field. One of the parallel plates has a superhydrophobic surface (SHS), while the other plate has a no-slip surface (NSS). A closed-form approach was employed to treat the governing equations for case I, representing the physical scenario of a heated SHS while the NSS remained unheated, and case II, depicting the realistic conditions where a no-slip wall is heated while the SHS remains unheated. The consequences of various flow parameters, such as suction/injection, Darcy number (Da), exponential heat generating parameter (Qg), and MHD, on velocity and temperature, volume flow rate, skin friction, and Nusselt number are graphically demonstrated. It is concluded that the action of suction/injection is to decrease/increase the temperature and velocity components, respectively, for both cases. It is revealed that thermal profiles rise in both cases, considering the impact of the exponential heat generation parameter (Qg). The velocity component and volume flow rate substantially increased with the influence of the Darcy number (Da) and the exponential heat source parameter (Qg). This work will encourage the advancement of knowledge in fluid dynamics and heat transfer, with possible uses for heat transfer advances in the chemical and engineering sectors, microelectronic cooling/heating, biomedical devices, and lab-on-a-chip devices.

Availability and Utilization of Information and Communication Technology in Instructional Delivery in Senior Secondary Schools in Zamfara State, Nigeria

Zainab Aliyu — 2025-10-25

This study assessed availability and utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) in instructional delivery in senior secondary schools in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was adopted for data collection, a simple random sampling technique was used to select respondents in this study. A descriptive survey was used to analyze the data. The analysis revealed inadequate ICT facilities in secondary schools with a mean score of 2.44 on a scale of 1 to 5. The standard deviation of 1.12 suggests variability in responses, with some schools having slightly better facilities than others. However, the overall picture is insufficiency which hinders the effective use of ICT in education. Teachers in Zamfara State exhibit low levels of ICT knowledge, with a mean score of 2.03. The low standard deviation (0.76) indicates a widespread issue, with little variation among teachers. The study concludes that ICT integration in secondary schools in Zamfara State hindered by inadequate infrastructure, low teachers’ competency, limited utilization of available resources. Teachers perceive minimal benefits from ICT, and significant barriers prevent its effective use in teaching and learning. The implications for educational outcomes in Zamfara Stateas lack of ICT integration limits students' exposure to digital tools and modern educational practices.

Quantum Support Vector Machine for Landmine Detection based on UAV Terahertz imaging system

Mohammed Abdallahi — 2025-10-25

Landmines pose a persistent threat to human safety and infrastructure in post-conflict regions. Conventional landmine detection methods often require direct human involvement, exposing personnel to significant risk while facing limitations in accuracy and scalability. In this study, we propose a Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM)-based detection system integrated with UAV-mounted terahertz imaging technology to enhance landmine identification efficiency. Leveraging quantum computing principles, QSVM provides improved classification accuracy by optimizing feature separability in high-dimensional spaces. Additionally, terahertz imaging enables remote sensing, reducing operational risks and enhancing detection precision. Experimental findings show that QSVM achieves better precision and recall than traditional classifiers while separating landmines from background noise.. Furthermore, comparative analysis with Quantum K-Means (QK-Means) and Quantum Neural Networks (QNN) underscores the robustness of QSVM in real-world applications. The integration of UAV platforms with quantum-enhanced algorithms offers a scalable, non-invasive, and high-accuracy solution for landmine detection, paving the way for safer and more efficient demining operations.

Exploring Quaternionic Moufang Loops in Error Detection Within Secure Communication System

Lois Ademola — 2025-10-25

This paper presents the use of Moufang loops for error detection and how effective it is in secure communication. A set G with a binary operation ◦ is a Moufang loop if it has an identity element and satisfies:

By using their plaintext sensitivity and non-associative nature, we present in this paper a method for writing/encoding messages into quaternionic form and detecting errors using norm based thresholds. Furthermore, using theoretical analysis and simulated cyberattacks, we show that this approach is more effective than standard associative methods currently used in detecting subtle data changes.

Modeling the Dynamics of Monkey pox Virus in the Presence of Carcass and Environmental Transmission

G. A. Abdulganiy — 2025-10-25

Monkey pox (MPX) is a re-emerging zoonotic disease caused by the monkey pox virus (MPXV), an Orthopoxvirus within the Poxviridae family. In this study, a mathematical model for the dynamics of the monkey pox virus incorporating carcass and environmental transmission within a shared habitat of humans and rodents was presented. The human population is stratified into seven compartments, while the rodent population is divided into four compartments, alongside a compartment representing environmental contamination. Analytical investigations establish the positivity and boundedness of the model solutions and demonstrate the existence of a biologically feasible invariant region. The model admits both disease-free and endemic equilibria, and the basic reproduction number is derived using the Next Generation Matrix approach. Local and global stability analyses reveal that the disease-free equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable when . Sensitivity analysis identifies critical parameters influencing disease persistence. Parameters with positive sensitivity indices contribute to increasing , while those with negative indices contribute to disease control. Numerical simulations support the analytical findings and demonstrate the effects of varying key parameters on the trajectory of human, animal, and environmental compartments. Results show that increasing human vaccination, adequate quarantine of the infected human, promoting behavioral change, and enhancing environmental sanitation significantly reduce the spread of monkey pox in the society. The dynamics of infected and recovered populations under varying rates of transmission, progression, and environmental decay are examined, providing insight into effective intervention strategies. Based on these findings, we recommend control strategies including public awareness campaigns, education on transmission routes, and preventive measures to curb local outbreaks of the monkey pox virus.Bottom of Form

Heavy Metals Pollution in Irrigated Farmland and Automobile Mechanic Village Soil: A Review

Naseer Inuwa Durumin Iya — 2025-10-25

Heavy metal contamination in soil has emerged as a significant environmental concern due to its adverse effects on agricultural productivity, ecosystem health, and human well-being. This seminar presents a comprehensive review of various studies on the assessment of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and mercury (Hg) in soil across different geographic regions. The review explores the major anthropogenic and natural sources contributing to heavy metal accumulation, including industrial activities, mining, wastewater irrigation, and atmospheric deposition. Emphasis is placed on common assessment techniques such as Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). Additionally, the seminar highlights spatial distribution patterns, risk assessment indices (e.g., geo accumulation index, contamination factor), and ecological implications of heavy metal presence in soil. The findings underscore the necessity for continuous monitoring, adoption of remediation strategies, and formulation of stringent environmental policies to mitigate soil pollution and safeguard public health. This review provides a scientific foundation for future research, environmental management, and sustainable land use practices.

Ruptured Uterus in Gusau, Northwest Nigeria: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Khadija Muhammad Kanoma — 2025-10-25

Ruptured uterus is one of the most life-threatening complications in obstetrics, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study retrospectively analyzed cases of ruptured uterus managed at the Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Northwest Nigeria, to identify prevalence, risk factors, clinical presentation, management outcomes, and associated complications. A total of 60 cases were reviewed. The mean age of patients was 30.4 ± 7.1 years, with 66.7% residing in rural communities. Most patients (80%) were unbooked, while 23.3% had a history of cesarean section (CS). Common risk factors included oxytocin use (33.3%), misoprostol use (20%), and combined uterotonic use (46.7%). Rupture most frequently occurred at home (16.7%) or in lower-level health facilities (63.3%). Vaginal bleeding (100%) and abdominal pain (83.3%) were the predominant presenting symptoms, while 56.7% presented in shock. Management included uterine repair (23.3%), repair with bilateral tubal ligation (46.7%), and subtotal hysterectomy (30%). Perinatal mortality was as high as 93.3%. The study highlights the urgent need for improved antenatal care, timely referral systems, skilled birth attendance, and strengthened health care infrastructure to reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality from ruptured uterus in Nigeria.

Comparison of Methods for Estimating Correctly Specified and Misspecified Linear Regression Models

S.U Gulumbe — 2025-10-25

If a probability model of observed data is misspecified, then the interpretation of its Parameter estimates May be invalid, leading to incomplete or incorrect conclusions. The comparison of Weighted Maximum Likelihood (WLE) and Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimates (CMLE) on their predictive performance when applied to correctly specified and misspecified linear regression was extensively studied. To carry out this analysis, we utilized simulated data that effectively mimicked various scenarios, allowing us to compare the performance of these estimators under small and large sample sizes. Specifically, we focused on the Mean Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) as our primary metrics for evaluating the efficiency of the estimated models, as these statistics provide a clear understanding of the average prediction error associated with each method. The results of our study revealed a significant trend: the WLE consistently outperformed the CMLE across all tested conditions. Notably, it exhibited the least MSE for linear regression models characterized by one dependent and one independent variable, irrespective of whether smaller sample sizes or larger ones were utilized for the comparison. Moreover, when we extended our analysis to multiple linear regression scenarios, the superiority of the WLE remained evident, reinforcing its position as a more efficient estimator than its counterpart. Furthermore, we took a step further by applying both methodologies to real-life data sets. The findings demonstrated that the advantages of the WLE were not constrained to theoretical or simulated environments but also persisted in practical applications, further validating its efficiency and robustness.

Management Of Retained Fetal Membrane In A 7-Year-Old Jersey Brown Cow

Jamilu Abdullahi — 2025-10-25

Retained fetal membrane (RFM) is a common post-parturient disorder in dairy cattle, often resulting in reduced fertility and economic losses if not promptly managed. This report describes the clinical management of RFM in a 7-year-old Jersey cow weighing approximately 500 kg, presented to the Veterinary Clinic, Sokoto State, with a hanging mass protruding from the vulvo-perineal region for more than 12 hours after normal calving. Clinical examination confirmed retained placental membranes, with mild discomfort but stable vital parameters. The condition was treated by gentle manual removal of the retained membranes using a sweeping motion to detach the cotyledons from the maternal caruncles. Uterine lavage with 0.9% normal saline was carried out over three consecutive days to flush out residual discharges. Long-acting oxytetracycline was administered at 20 mg/kg body weight along with analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. The cow recovered well and no further vulval discharge was observed within 24 hours post-treatment. RFM typically arises from incomplete separation of fetal cotyledons from maternal caruncles, influenced by factors such as dystocia, hypocalcaemia, nutritional imbalance, or hormonal dysfunction. Manual removal remains effective when performed carefully to prevent uterine trauma and infection. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and proper management in minimizing complications like metritis, endometritis, and infertility. Preventive measures including balanced nutrition, adequate mineral supplementation, and stress reduction during the peri parturient period are essential for sustaining reproductive performance and minimizing economic losses in dairy production.

An Assessment on the Predictive Performance of Arima-Garch and Arimax-Garch Models on Nigerian Inflation Rate

L.O. Kilani — 2025-10-25

Accurate inflation forecasting is critical for effective economic planning and decision-making in Nigeria, yet it remains challenging due to exchange rate fluctuations, oil price shocks, and shifts in monetary policy. Traditional models such as ARIMA often fail to capture these complex dynamics, particularly during periods of high volatility. This study evaluates the predictive performance of two hybrid time series models, ARIMA-GARCH and ARIMAX-GARCH, using monthly inflation data from 1997 to 2024. While ARIMA-GARCH models the conditional mean and volatility of inflation, ARIMAX-GARCH extends this by incorporating exogenous variables, including the exchange rate, premium motor spirit (PMS) price, and money supply. Stationarity was tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, model selection guided by AIC and BIC, and volatility clustering confirmed with the ARCH-LM test. Forecast accuracy was assessed using RMSE, MAE, and MAPE. Results demonstrate that ARIMAX-GARCH consistently outperforms ARIMA-GARCH, yielding more accurate forecasts. The study recommends ARIMAX-GARCH for inflation forecasting in Nigeria, as it provides robust, reliable predictions that support improved policy and investment strategy.

Targeting Mineralization Zones Using Aeromagnetic data over Gusau and its Environs, Northwestern Nigeria

A.M. Narimi — 2025-10-25

This study area is bounded by Latitude 12^o 00″ N to 12^o 30″ N and longitude 6^o30″ E to 7^o 00″ E with an estimated area of 55 square km². The region is predominantly underlain by the Migmatite–Gneiss Complex, with associated intrusive granites that complicate structural interpretation and mineral targeting. The present research used aeromagnetic interpretation to delineate potential mineralization zones in the area. High-resolution aeromagnetic data of the study area were processed using OASIS Montaj software version 8.4 to produce magnetic intensity maps, along with other edge detection techniques: tilt derivative, total horizontal gradient and lineament map. The result shows that the magnetic anomalies across the study area ranges from –43.0 nT to 74.0 nT. These edge detection filters identified structural features such as faults, fractures, dikes and sills which could save as pathways for mineralizing fluids. These structurally controlled zones can be indicative of promising deposits of gold, banded iron formations (BIF), chromite, chamovite, and kaolin which are found mostly by artisanal miners in the area. The study demonstrates application of aeromagnetic data in as a mapping technique that provides a reliable and cost-effective framework for targeting mineralization zones and guiding future exploration in Damba and its surrounding areas.

Isolation and molecular Identification of Lead Tolerance Bacteria from Contaminated Soil of Different Mining Site in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria

Mohammed Hassan — 2025-10-25

ABSTRACT

Lead contamination resulting from mining activities pose a significant environmental and health risk. this study focused on the isolation and molecular identification of bacteria exhibiting high tolerance to lead from contaminated soil samples collected from various mining sites in Minna, Niger State. The serial dilution and plating technique was employed to isolate lead tolerance bacteria on nutrient agar. The isolates were screened on nutrient agar supplemented with varying concentration of lead acetate (0.2 -1.0mg/ml) for lead tolerant determination. The isolates lead removal potential was determined using mineral salt medium (MSM) and incubated for 8 days at room temperature. The isolates were characterized based on their morphological, biochemical properties and molecular identification using 16S RNA gene sequence analysis. Four bacterial strains HM1, HM2, HM3 and HM4 were isolated. Bacteria HM3 effectively tolerated lead at various concentrations ranging from 0.2mg/ml - 1.0mg/ml. lead removal potential results showed the potency of HM3 in the reduction of lead on the 8^th day with absorbance value of 0.002. Results from the biochemical test, blasting, and phylogenetic analysis showed that bacterial HM3 belongs to bacillus subtilis with 99% maximum identity to this specie. These isolates, particularly HM3 exhibit high tolerance and removal potential, represent potential bioremediation agents for mitigating lead pollution in contaminated soils, offering an eco-friendly approach to environmental clean-up.

Preliminary Quality Evaluation of New Generic Brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets

O.I Eniayewu — 2025-10-25

Routine quality assessment is essential to ensure safety, efficacy, and compliance with pharmacopeial standards. This study evaluated six newly marketed generic brands of ciprofloxacin 500 mg tablets using in-vitro quality control tests.

In-vitro quality control tests including weight uniformity, thickness, hardness, friability, and disintegration were performed in accordance with the British Pharmacopoeia standards. The ciprofloxacin content was determined using ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry (USP Monograph). All brands exhibited uniform white color, consistent shape, and intact markings with no evidence of breakage. Weight uniformity testing confirmed compliance with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) limits, although mean weight differences across brands were statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Tablet thickness showed minimal deviation (SD = 0.03–0.26) but significant inter-brand variation (p = 0.001). Hardness values fell within the 40–100 N range for all except Brand D; ANOVA revealed significant differences between brands (p = 0.001). Friability was below the USP threshold of 1% for all brands, with Brands E and F recording 0.00%. All brands completely disintegrated within 30 minutes, indicating acceptable in-vitro performance. Drug content assay showed that Brands B (103.6%), D (102.1%), E (99.9%), and F (101%) complied with USP specifications (90–110%), while Brands A (77.4%) and C (89.3%) failed.

In conclusion, most evaluated generics demonstrated satisfactory pharmaceutical quality; however, the failure of two brands in drug content assay underscores the need for routine post-market surveillance to safeguard therapeutic equivalence of ciprofloxacin tablets.

Judd-Offelt Analysis of Sm/Dy Codoped Borate-Based Glasses Co-embedded with Gold and Silver Nanoparticles.

I. Abdullahi — 2025-10-25

Metallic nanoparticles through their localized surface plasmon resonance plays a vital role in enhancing the optical absorption and emission of rare earth ions doped glasses aimed at optics/photonic applications. In this work, a series of borate based glasses was synthesized and co-embedded with gold and silver nanoparticles through melt-quenching technique. Judd-Ofelt analysis was done to determine the absorption and emission traits. The Uv-Vis-NIr absorption measurement revealed eleven ⁶H_15/2 to manifold absorption bands. While the addition of 0.03 mol% of AgNPs saw the reduction in the absorption intensity as revealed by S2 glass sample, the addition of 0.1 mol% nanoparticles saw the enhancement of the absorbance attaining the highest value as proved by S3 glass sample. Bandgap energies for the developed glasses were determined using Tauc’s plot with S4 producing the highest value of 2.3 eV. Furthermore, the oscillator strength of transition ⁶F_5/2 was found to be decreased from 0.374 to 0.178 ×10^-6 while that of ⁶F_7/2 increased from 0.589 to 0.594×10^-6 with the introduction of the nanoparticles co-embedder. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ω₂, Ω₄ and Ω₆ were derived from the oscillator strengths and the magnitude of Ω₂ corresponding to S0 decreased down to 0.81 ×10^-20 cm²from 1.15×10^-20 cm² which is further reduced to 0.58×10^-20cm²with the co-embedding activity. Perhaps, structural re-adjustments within the glass network is responsible for the observed fluctuations. Conclusively, due to the achieved striking absorption and emission cross-sections, we suggests that the present glass-REions-metallic nanoparticles combination may be useful for laser and white light emitting diodes applications.

Local Stability Analysis of Modeling the Effect of Double Dose Vaccination of Measles Disease Dynamics in Zamfara State and Nigeria

Samaila ISAH — 2025-10-25

Measles is one of communicable diseases caused by the measles virus. In this research paper, we proposed and established a model for Measles disease dynamics, we incorporated the Treatment rate of both Exposed and Infected individuals, Enlightenment Rate and Effectiveness of Drug usage. We analyzed and shown the dynamics of the model system is in the region and the model equations is considered epidemiologically and mathematically well posed with the invariant region method. The non-negativity solutions was presented and we found that the system is positive and remain in . The equilibrium states were obtained and we present the effective reproduction number of the model system. Analysis of the reproduction number was obtained. The Local stability analysis of the model equation was obtained and we found that the model is locally asymptotically stable if .

Phase Transformation and Band Gap Narrowing in Mechanochemically Synthesized Nitrogen-Doped TiO₂ for use in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell

Samaila Buda — 2025-10-25

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is widely used as a photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), but its wide band gap (3.0–3.2 eV) restricts absorption to the ultraviolet region, limiting solar energy conversion efficiency. Nitrogen doping has been recognized as an effective strategy to extend the optical response of TiO₂ into the visible spectrum and improve charge separation. In this study, nitrogen-doped TiO₂ (N-TiO₂) nanocrystals were synthesized via a mechanochemical method using high-energy ball milling of commercial TiO₂ (P25) in ammonium hydroxide solution. Structural and surface analyses were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD results revealed that the synthesized samples consisted mainly of anatase and rutile phases, with mechanical energy promoting a partial transformation of brookite to rutile. XPS confirmed the incorporation of nitrogen into the TiO₂ lattice, showing distinct Ti–N and Ti–O–N bonding states. The incorporation of nitrogen decreased the band gap and expanded the spectral response of TiO₂ into the visible-light region, while also enhancing oxygen adsorption and reducing charge recombination. These modifications are expected to improve the photocurrent density and overall photovoltaic performance of N-TiO₂ based DSSCs. The findings highlight mechanochemical synthesis as a simple and effective route for producing visible-light-active N-TiO₂ nanomaterials for next-generation solar energy applications.

Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Present on Telfairia occidentalis Sold at Some Selected Markets in Abuja Municipal Area Council, Nigeria

B.R. Ayoade — 2025-10-25

Telfairia occidentalis, commonly known as fluted pumpkin or ‘Ugu’ is a widely consumed leafy vegetable in Nigeria due to its high nutritional value. However, the processes involved in its planting, harvesting, and marketing particularly in open markets are often unhygienic, exposing the vegetable to potential bacterial contamination. Thirty (30) samples were aseptically collected randomly in sterile Ziploc polythene bags in batches of ten (10) from three (3) different markets namely Nyanya (Ny), Kurudu (Ku) and Karshi (Ka) in Abuja Municipal Area Council, F.C.T, Nigeria. Staphylococcus, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Klebsiella species were isolated and identified using Morphological, Cultural and Biochemical assessment. Ten (10) isolates each constituting of Staphylococcus species were identified from three (3) markets. The number of Klebsiella specie isolated were 6, 5 and 5 in Ny, Ku, and Ka respectively. One (1) isolate each, of Pseudomonas and Enterobacter species were identified from Ny, Ku, and Ka. Total Mean Viable Count (TVC) and Total Mean Coliform Count (TCC) were 1.33 X 10⁶CFU/ml and 1.12 X 10⁶CFU/ml for Ny and Ka respectively. The lowest mean count TVC and TCC were recorded in Ka. The observed differences in mean bacterial counts were not statistically significant at the 5% level (F = 2.83, p = 0.0805). Ny had the highest microbial load compared to Ku and Ka. This could be as a result of improper handling during harvesting and poor sanitary measures by food vendors. Hence, there should be proper public enlightenment on the handling and consumption of vegetables.

The Transmission Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus Disease with Impact of Awareness and Vaccination

Halima Abubakar — 2025-10-25

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that targets the liver, caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is one of the most common blood-borne infection, it occurs when the virus gets to the liver through the bloodstream, multiplies and releases many new viruses into the bloodstream, it inhibits the life-preserving functions of the liver, thereby increasing the risk of a serious liver disorder. Hepatitis B infection has two main stages; the acute phase and the chronic phase. In this study, we focused on these stages by developing and analyzing a new mathematical model that explains how the disease spreads within a population. We also explored different ways to control the virus, including the use of vaccines and raising awareness about infection, which can help reduce transmission and improve prevention efforts. The existence and uniqueness of the model’s solution was ascertained, using the Lipchitz condition, the boundedness of the solutions and positivity of the variables and parameters of the model were established, the later by comparison theorem. Effective basic Reproduction number of the model was obtained by next generation matrix method. The local and global stabilities of the system of equations of the model were obtained. Numerical simulations of the dynamics of the model were carried out and interpreted. It was discovered that, the importance of vaccination and Awareness of the disease (through testing), help in better management of the silent killer disease (HBV).

Design and Evaluation of a Fault-Tolerant Spine-Leaf Data Center Network Using Cisco Packet Tracer

Abdulmalik ABDULLAHI — 2025-10-25

This study presents the design and performance evaluation of a fault-tolerant spine-leaf data center network for higher education institutions, implemented and tested using Cisco Packet Tracer. Targeting Abdu Gusau Polytechnic Talata Mafara as a case study, the architecture leverages redundant spine switches (Cisco 3560) and dual-homed leaf switches (Cisco 2960) with Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) to ensure high availability. Through controlled simulations of link/router failures, the network demonstrated sub-second failover times (HSRP: 400ms, RSTP: 1.2s) and maintained operational stability with only an 18% latency increase during failures outperforming traditional three-tier designs by 17%. Key metrics including throughput (940Mbps baseline, 4.8% degradation during failures) and bandwidth utilization (40% normal, 55% failure conditions) validate the design's resilience. The study contributes: (1) empirical evidence of spine-leaf viability for resource-constrained institutions, (2) a benchmarked configuration achieving 99.98% availability with off-the-shelf hardware, and (3) identified optimization opportunities through TRILL/SPB protocols to address the observed 5% throughput drop during re-convergence. These findings provide network architects with a proven template for academic data centers, balancing cost-efficiency with enterprise-grade fault tolerance.

Heavy Metal Pollution and Soil Health around Local Aluminum Pot Production Sites in Sokoto

A. Isah — 2025-10-25

This study analyzed soil samples from three locations around a local aluminum pot production center in Sokoto, Nigeria, in April 2025. The samples were tested for various physicochemical properties and heavy metal content. Key findings include pH levels ranged from 6.5 to 6.7, organic matter content was between 0.280% and 0.384%, nutrient levels varied as nitrogen found to be 0.07% to 0.081%, phosphorus 3.13 to 3.36 mg/kg and potassium 1.38 to 1.59 cmol/kg. The sodium, magnesium and calcium were found to be within the ranged of 0.65 – 0.74, 0.40 – 0.70 and 0.45 – 0.60 respectively. The heavy metal concentrations exceeded FAO/ISRIC standards as lead found to be 0.085 to 0.165 ppm, chromium 0.4268 to 0.5087 ppm, cadmium 0.0544 to 0.1045 ppm, copper 0.0544 to 0.2932 ppm and zinc 21.4670 to 26.9675 ppm. The study suggests that the soil around the aluminum pot production center poses environmental and health risks due to elevated heavy metal levels.

Equilibrium Analysis of Cournot Competition Model

Abdulhakim Muhammad — 2025-10-25

The paper discusses equilibrium solutions of Cournot competition strategy, which is a quantity based competition strategy. The paper derives equilibrium solutions of the competition strategy and analyses differences and influences of various scenarios on upstream and downstream enterprises. The paper later focuses on the comparison of the equilibrium points of Cournot and Collusion strategies when considering similar and dissimilar market demands. The difference in degrees of substitutability between duopoly retailers also has an effect on the equilibrium solution. The paper takes a numerical example to make a relevant analysis. Finally, empirical research explains pricing strategies of the duopoly in real life.