Heavy Metals Pollution in Irrigated Farmland and Automobile Mechanic Village Soil: A Review

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in soil has emerged as a significant environmental concern due to its adverse effects on agricultural productivity, ecosystem health, and human well-being. This seminar presents a comprehensive review of various studies on the assessment of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and mercury (Hg) in soil across different geographic regions. The review explores the major anthropogenic and natural sources contributing to heavy metal accumulation, including industrial activities, mining, wastewater irrigation, and atmospheric deposition. Emphasis is placed on common assessment techniques such as Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). Additionally, the seminar highlights spatial distribution patterns, risk assessment indices (e.g., geo accumulation index, contamination factor), and ecological implications of heavy metal presence in soil. The findings underscore the necessity for continuous monitoring, adoption of remediation strategies, and formulation of stringent environmental policies to mitigate soil pollution and safeguard public health. This review provides a scientific foundation for future research, environmental management, and sustainable land use practices.